Chemistry-12

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Chapter-1 : Solutions

Types of solutions , Expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids , Solubility of gases in liquids , Solid solutions , Raoult's law , Colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure , Elevation of boiling point , Depression of freezing point , Osmotic pressure , Determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, Abnormal molecular mass , Van't Hoff factor

Chapter-2 : Electrochemistry

Redox reactions , EMF of a cell , Standard electrode potential , Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells , Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell , Conductance in electrolytic solutions , Specific and molar conductivity , Variations of conductivity with concentration , Kohlrausch's Law , Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea) , Dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells , Lead accumulator , Fuel cells , Corrosion

Chapter-3 : Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous) , Factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration , Temperature , Catalyst , Order and molecularity of a reaction , Rate law and specific rate constant , Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions) , Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment) , Activation energy , Arrhenius equation

Chapter-4 : Surface Chemistry

Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption , Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, CatalysiS : homogenous and heterogenous , Activity and selectivity of solid catalysts , Enzyme catalysis , Colloidal state , Distinction between true solutions , Colloids and suspension , Lyophilic , Lyophobic , Multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids, Properties of colloid , Tyndall Effect , Brownian movement , Electrophoresis , Coagulation , Emulsion - types of emulsions

Chapter-5 : General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction - concentration , Oxidation , Reduction - electrolytic method and refinin , Occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium , Copper , Zinc and iron

Chapter-6 :p-Block Elements

Group-15 Elements: General introduction , Electronic configuration , Occurrence , Oxidation states , Trends in physical and chemical properties; Nitrogen preparation properties and uses; compounds of Nitrogen: preparation and properties of Ammonia and Nitric Acid, Oxides of Nitrogen (Structure only); Phosphorus - allotropic forms, compounds of Phosphorus: Preparation and properties of Phosphine, Halides and Oxoacids (elementary idea only).

Group-16 Elements: General introduction , Electronic configuration , Oxidation states , Occurrence , Trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur -allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: preparation properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only).

Group-17 Elements: General introduction , Electronic configuration , Oxidation states , Occurrence , Trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

Group-18 Elements: General introduction , Electronic configuration , Occurrence , Trends in physical and chemical properties , uses

Chapter-7 : d and f Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences

Actinoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

Chapter-8 : Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).

Chapter-9 : Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions.

Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only)

Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

Chapter-10 : Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Chapter-11 : Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses

Chapter-12 : Amines

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chapter-13 : Biomolecules

Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.

Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.

Vitamins - Classification and functions

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

Chapter-14 : Polymers

Classification - natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

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Chapter-15 : Chemistry in Everyday life

Chemicals in medicines - analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.

Chemicals in food - preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.

Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.